Where is Washington Located in the United States?
Washington is located in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, known for its diverse landscapes that range from the coastal beaches of the Pacific Ocean to the towering peaks of the Cascade Mountains and vast inland agricultural plains. Washington has a thriving economy driven by industries such as technology, aerospace, agriculture, and tourism, making it one of the most dynamic states in the U.S. Its largest city, Seattle, is a major hub for global business and innovation, while the state’s natural beauty attracts outdoor enthusiasts year-round.
State Name: Washington
Postal Abbreviation: WA
Population: 7.9 million (2023 estimate)
Area: 71,362 square miles
Capital: Olympia
Largest City: Seattle
Statehood Year: 1889 (42nd state)
Time Zones: Pacific Time Zone
Bordering States of Washington
Oregon
To the south, Washington shares a long border with Oregon, much of it defined by the Columbia River, one of the largest rivers in North America. The river not only serves as a natural boundary but also as a vital resource for hydroelectric power, shipping, and agriculture for both states. Interstate 5 and Interstate 84 are major highways that connect Washington and Oregon, facilitating commerce and travel between cities like Seattle and Portland. The two states share strong economic ties, particularly in industries like technology, shipping, and agriculture. Additionally, the Cascade Range extends into both states, providing opportunities for shared tourism and outdoor activities such as hiking, skiing, and mountaineering.
Idaho
To the east, Washington borders Idaho, with the boundary cutting through rural and mountainous terrain. The eastern part of Washington, known as the Inland Empire, shares similarities with Idaho’s landscape, particularly in the Palouse region, known for its rolling hills and fertile farmland. Spokane, the largest city in eastern Washington, serves as a regional hub for trade and commerce with northern Idaho. The Snake River, which runs through parts of both states, supports agriculture and recreational activities such as boating and fishing. The cultural and economic connections between eastern Washington and Idaho are strong, with shared industries in agriculture, forestry, and mining.
British Columbia (Canada)
To the north, Washington shares an international border with British Columbia, Canada. This border runs for approximately 427 miles, with major crossings at Blaine (via Interstate 5) and Point Roberts. The border region, particularly near Vancouver, BC, and Seattle, WA, is a hub of international trade and tourism. The cultural exchange between the two regions is significant, with shared industries in technology, film, tourism, and outdoor recreation. Many residents of both Washington and British Columbia travel frequently across the border for business and leisure, particularly for shopping, skiing, and other outdoor activities.
GPS Coordinates of Washington
Washington is located in the far northwestern part of the contiguous United States, with its general GPS coordinates centered around 47.7511° N latitude and 120.7401° W longitude. This positioning places Washington firmly within the Pacific Northwest, a region known for its temperate rainforests, mountain ranges, and proximity to the Pacific Ocean.
- Northern Coordinates: Washington’s northernmost point is located at Point Roberts, an exclave of the United States that is geographically separated from the rest of the country by Boundary Bay and accessible only via Canada. This area, located at 49.0021° N, is a small community with scenic views of the water and mountains. The point lies along the 49th parallel, which serves as the official border between the United States and Canada.
- Southern Coordinates: The southernmost point of Washington is near the town of Vancouver, located along the Columbia River at approximately 45.5435° N. Vancouver is directly across the river from Portland, Oregon, and serves as a major urban center in southern Washington. This region is characterized by its suburban communities and proximity to both the Cascade Range and the Pacific Ocean, offering a mix of urban and natural environments.
- Eastern Coordinates: Washington’s easternmost point is found near the town of Clarkston, at approximately 117.0383° W, close to the Idaho border. This area is part of the Lewis-Clark Valley, named after the famed explorers who traveled through the region. The landscape here is dominated by the rolling hills of the Palouse and the rugged beauty of the Snake River, which flows through the valley and serves as a key waterway for irrigation and recreation.
- Western Coordinates: The westernmost point of Washington is Cape Alava, located on the Olympic Peninsula, at approximately 124.7341° W. This point marks the farthest west that you can go in the contiguous United States and is part of Olympic National Park. The area is known for its dramatic coastline, temperate rainforests, and diverse ecosystems. Cape Alava offers visitors the chance to experience untouched wilderness, with scenic hiking trails and views of the Pacific Ocean.
These GPS coordinates show that Washington occupies a unique geographic position in the United States, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west, mountains and fertile valleys in the east, and an international boundary to the north. Its varied landscape and climate make it one of the most ecologically diverse states in the country.
Levels of Elevation in Washington
Washington’s elevation varies dramatically across the state, from sea level along the Pacific Coast to towering mountain peaks in the Cascade and Olympic ranges. This range of elevations creates a diverse set of ecosystems, contributing to the state’s rich biodiversity.
- Highest Elevation: The highest point in Washington is Mount Rainier, which stands at 14,411 feet (4,392 meters) above sea level. Located in the Cascade Range, Mount Rainier is an active stratovolcano and a prominent symbol of the state. It is a popular destination for mountaineering, hiking, and skiing, attracting adventurers from around the world. The mountain is surrounded by Mount Rainier National Park, known for its alpine meadows, glaciers, and old-growth forests.
- Lowest Elevation: The lowest point in Washington is at sea level, along the state’s Pacific Coast. This coastal region includes cities such as Aberdeen, Long Beach, and Ocean Shores. The coastline is rugged and diverse, featuring rocky cliffs, sandy beaches, and numerous bays and inlets. Washington’s location along the Pacific Ocean makes it vulnerable to tsunamis and storm surges, but it also supports a thriving fishing and shipping industry.
- Average Elevation: The average elevation of Washington is approximately 1,700 feet (518 meters) above sea level. Much of the state’s central and eastern regions consist of high plains and plateaus, particularly in the Columbia Plateau and Palouse regions. These areas are characterized by rolling hills, farmland, and rivers, providing a contrast to the higher elevations found in the Cascades and Olympics.
Washington’s diverse elevation is responsible for the wide range of climates and ecosystems found throughout the state. The western side, with its low-lying coastal regions and proximity to the Pacific Ocean, experiences a temperate maritime climate, while the higher elevations in the mountains are cooler and snowier. Eastern Washington, with its lower elevation and more inland location, has a drier, semi-arid climate that supports vast agricultural production.
Most Extreme Points of Washington
Washington’s most extreme points showcase the geographic diversity of the state, from the remote coastlines to the fertile farmlands and mountainous regions.
- Easternmost Point: Washington’s easternmost point is located near Clarkston, at approximately 117.0383° W. This area lies along the Snake River, near the border with Idaho. The town of Clarkston, along with its Idaho counterpart Lewiston, is part of the Lewis-Clark Valley, which serves as a gateway to both states. The region is known for its agriculture, including vineyards, orchards, and grain production. The area is also a hub for outdoor recreation, with the Snake River offering boating, fishing, and hiking opportunities.
- Westernmost Point: Washington’s westernmost point is Cape Alava, located on the Olympic Peninsula at approximately 124.7341° W. This remote coastal location is part of Olympic National Park and is accessible only by hiking trails. Cape Alava is known for its rugged coastline, tide pools, and diverse wildlife, including sea otters, eagles, and whales. The area offers stunning views of the Pacific Ocean and nearby Ozette Lake. It is a popular spot for hiking, camping, and wildlife observation.
- Northernmost Point: The northernmost point in Washington is at Point Roberts, a geographic exclave located at 49.0021° N. Point Roberts is unique in that it is only accessible by land through Canada, making it an isolated but scenic community. The area is known for its small-town charm, scenic waterfront, and proximity to both the United States and Canada. It offers residents and visitors a peaceful coastal environment, with views of the Strait of Georgia and Mount Baker in the distance.
- Southernmost Point: Washington’s southernmost point is located near Vancouver, along the Columbia River, at approximately 45.5435° N. Vancouver is part of the greater Portland metropolitan area and is a rapidly growing city known for its blend of suburban living and access to outdoor recreation. The Columbia River Gorge offers numerous recreational opportunities, including hiking, windsurfing, and fishing, making it a key part of the region’s outdoor lifestyle.
These extreme points demonstrate Washington’s wide-ranging geography, from its coastal lowlands to its agricultural heartland and rugged mountain terrain. Each of these locations contributes to the state’s natural beauty and provides unique opportunities for outdoor recreation and tourism.
Major Mountains in Washington
Washington is home to some of the most prominent mountain ranges and peaks in the United States, particularly in the Cascade Range and Olympic Mountains. These mountains are not only essential to the state’s natural landscape but also play a significant role in its economy, culture, and outdoor recreation.
- Mount Rainier: Mount Rainier, at 14,411 feet, is the highest peak in Washington and one of the most iconic landmarks in the Pacific Northwest. This active volcano dominates the landscape, visible from much of western Washington, including Seattle. Mount Rainier National Park offers a wide range of recreational activities, including hiking, climbing, and skiing. The mountain is home to several glaciers, alpine meadows, and old-growth forests, making it a prime destination for nature enthusiasts. The Wonderland Trail, a 93-mile loop around the base of the mountain, is popular among hikers.
- Mount St. Helens: Mount St. Helens, famous for its catastrophic eruption in 1980, is located in the southwestern part of the state. The eruption significantly altered the landscape, creating a large crater and transforming the surrounding environment. Today, Mount St. Helens is part of the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, where visitors can explore the area’s volcanic history and observe the ongoing ecological recovery. The mountain, at 8,366 feet, remains active, and the region is closely monitored for volcanic activity. Hiking, climbing, and educational tours are popular activities in this area.
- Mount Adams: Mount Adams is the second-highest peak in Washington, standing at 12,276 feet. It is part of the Cascade Range and is located in a relatively remote area of the state. Mount Adams is a dormant stratovolcano and offers extensive opportunities for outdoor recreation, including hiking, camping, and climbing. The Mount Adams Wilderness provides a pristine environment with scenic vistas, alpine meadows, and abundant wildlife. Although not as famous as Mount Rainier, Mount Adams attracts adventurers seeking a less-crowded wilderness experience.
- Olympic Mountains: The Olympic Mountains are located on the Olympic Peninsula and are part of Olympic National Park. The range is characterized by its rugged peaks, including Mount Olympus, which rises to 7,980 feet. The Olympics are known for their diverse ecosystems, ranging from temperate rainforests to alpine meadows. The region is a popular destination for hiking, backpacking, and mountaineering, with trails like the Hoh River Trail and the High Divide Loop offering spectacular views of the mountains and surrounding wilderness. The Olympic Mountains receive heavy rainfall, supporting lush vegetation and a wide variety of wildlife.
- North Cascades: The North Cascades, often referred to as the “American Alps,” are known for their jagged peaks, deep valleys, and extensive glaciers. The range is home to North Cascades National Park, one of the least developed national parks in the U.S., offering pristine wilderness experiences. Peaks such as Mount Baker (10,781 feet) and Glacier Peak (10,541 feet) are popular among climbers and hikers. The North Cascades are renowned for their dramatic landscapes, with steep mountain faces, cascading waterfalls, and dense forests. The region is also important for scientific research, particularly related to climate change and glacial activity.
Washington’s mountains are not only a defining feature of the state’s geography but also central to its outdoor lifestyle and tourism industry. From the snow-capped peaks of the Cascades to the rainforests of the Olympics, these mountains offer unparalleled opportunities for recreation and exploration.
Major Rivers and Lakes in Washington
Washington is home to several significant rivers and lakes that play a vital role in the state’s economy, environment, and recreational opportunities. These waterways provide essential resources for agriculture, power generation, and transportation, as well as offering numerous opportunities for outdoor activities like fishing, boating, and hiking.
- Columbia River: The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest, running for over 1,200 miles from British Columbia, Canada, through Washington, and into Oregon before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. The river forms much of the natural border between Washington and Oregon and is a critical resource for the region. The Columbia River Basin supports a variety of industries, including agriculture, fishing, and shipping. The river is also home to several major hydroelectric dams, such as the Grand Coulee Dam, which generates power for millions of residents in the Pacific Northwest. Recreational activities along the Columbia include boating, fishing, windsurfing, and hiking in the Columbia River Gorge.
- Snake River: The Snake River is a major tributary of the Columbia River, flowing from Wyoming through Idaho and eastern Washington before joining the Columbia near Pasco, WA. The Snake River is essential for irrigation in eastern Washington, supporting the state’s agriculture, particularly in the Palouse and Yakima Valley regions. The river also provides hydroelectric power through a series of dams, which help regulate water flow and generate electricity. Popular recreational activities along the Snake River include fishing, boating, and white-water rafting.
- Puget Sound: While not technically a river or lake, Puget Sound is a major estuarine system in western Washington that plays a significant role in the region’s economy and environment. The sound is home to several major cities, including Seattle, Tacoma, and Everett, and is a hub for shipping, fishing, and tourism. The waters of Puget Sound are known for their rich marine life, including orcas, salmon, and seals. Ferry services, sailing, and kayaking are popular activities in the sound, and the surrounding area offers numerous parks, beaches, and nature preserves.
- Lake Washington: Lake Washington is the second-largest natural lake in the state and is located between Seattle and Bellevue. The lake is a popular destination for boating, swimming, and fishing, with numerous parks and public beaches along its shores. Gene Coulon Memorial Beach Park and Madrona Park are among the most frequented recreational spots on the lake. The lake is also home to several marinas and serves as a key area for water-based events and activities, including rowing and sailing.
- Lake Chelan: Lake Chelan, located in north-central Washington, is the third-deepest lake in the United States, plunging to depths of over 1,500 feet. The lake is a major tourist destination, known for its crystal-clear waters, scenic beauty, and recreational opportunities. The town of Chelan sits at the southern end of the lake, offering resorts, wineries, and access to outdoor activities such as boating, fishing, and hiking. The northern end of the lake is less developed and is accessible only by boat or seaplane, providing a remote and tranquil retreat for visitors.
- Spokane River: The Spokane River flows through eastern Washington, including the city of Spokane, before joining the Columbia River. The river is essential for the region’s water supply and supports recreational activities such as fishing, kayaking, and white-water rafting. Riverfront Park, located in downtown Spokane, offers scenic views of the river’s waterfalls and is a popular spot for picnics, walking, and outdoor events.
Washington’s rivers and lakes are integral to the state’s natural environment and economy. They support agriculture, power generation, and recreation while also providing critical habitats for fish and wildlife. The state’s waterways offer residents and visitors alike a wide range of opportunities for outdoor enjoyment, from the majestic Columbia River to the tranquil beauty of Lake Chelan.