Russia Trade and Service

By | April 28, 2022

Trade and service enterprises actively developed in the 1990s. At the beginning of 2002, more than 1 million workers were employed in this industry, and the annual turnover of retail trade enterprises amounted to 3,719 billion rubles. in current prices, having exceeded the level of 1990 in comparable prices by 14.5%. Throughout the 1990s. more than 3/4 of the retail turnover was served by trade enterprises, 1/4 accounted for clothing, mixed and food markets. An ever-increasing role in retail trade is played by private enterprises: their share in the total number of trade enterprises increased from 87% in 1995 to 96% in 2002. The turnover of wholesale trade enterprises in 2002 amounted to 5474.3 billion rubles, exceeding the level of turnover in 1990 in comparable prices. In 2002, there were 40 commodity exchanges in Russia that traded agricultural products (59.7% of turnover), fuel and oil (31. 3% of turnover), metals (2.8% of turnover). The exchange turnover in 2002 exceeded 11.6 billion rubles, having increased by more than 5 times in 1 year. In 2002 paid services were rendered to the population for 1070.4 billion rubles. The main among them were passenger transport services (23.1%) and housing and communal services (24.1%), followed by personal services (13%), communication services (12.8%), educational (6.8%), medical (4.8%) and legal (4.1%) services, and these shares have remained relatively stable over the past 5 years.

According to topschoolsintheusa, the basis of local budgets was income taxes from citizens (individuals). Federal budget expenditures were related mainly to social programs (22.1% in 2002), national defense and public debt service (14.6% each), as well as financial assistance to budgets of other levels (13.6%). External debt servicing is a special item of expenditure: in 2002, 14.2 billion US dollars were spent for this purpose from the federal budget, including interest payments. According to the Ministry of Finance, in con. In 2001, the amount of the state external debt was 143.4 billion dollars, or about 38% of Russia’s GDP at current prices and 133% of its exports. About half of this amount ($73.7 billion) is made up of debts inherited by Russia from the former USSR. At the beginning of the 21st century the countries of the “third world” owed the USSR (and Russia as its successor) St.

As of January 1, 2003, the state domestic debt of the Russian Federation amounted to 680.3 billion rubles, or 6.2% of GDP at current prices, having increased compared to the beginning. 2002 by 17.7%. At the beginning of the 21st century, the ratio of Russia’s foreign trade turnover to its GDP at current prices exceeded 75%, which suggests the open nature of the Russian economy and Russia’s participation in the international division of labor. In 2002, Russia’s foreign trade turnover amounted to 167 billion US dollars, of which exports amounted to about 107 billion dollars, and imports – more than 60 billion dollars (Table 11).

Table 11. Foreign trade turnover of Russia (according to the methodology of the balance of payments) (billion US dollars)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Export, total
non-CIS
to CIS
82.9
65.9
16.9
90.5
71.9
18.5
89
69.9
19
74.8
59
15.8
75.6
63.6
12
105.5
91.3
14.2
101.6
86.4
15.2
106.9
90.7
16.2
Import, total
outside the CIS
in the CIS
62.6
44.3
18.3
68.2
47.3
20.9
72.0
53.4
18.6
58.0
43.7
14.3
39.6
29.2
10.4
44.8
31.4
13.4
53.8
40.7
13
60.5
48.2
12.3
Foreign trade turnover
outside the CIS
in the CIS
145.5
110.2
35.2
158.6
119.2
39.4
160.9
123.3
37.6
132.9
102.8
30.1
115.2
92.8
22.4
150.3
122.7
27.6
155.4
127.2
28.2
167.4
138.9
28.5
Non -CIS trade balance
in the CIS
20.3
21.6
-1.4
22.4
24.6
-2.4
17.1
16.5
0.4
16.8
15.2
1.5
36.1
34.4
1.6
60.7
59.9
0.8
47.8
45.7
2.1
46.4
42.5
3.9

In the period after 1998, Russia’s trade surplus converged with a plus, primarily due to the growth in world prices for exported raw materials, especially oil and gas.

As of 2002, Russia’s main trading partners are: Germany (7.6% of exports and 14.3% of imports), Belarus (respectively 5.5 and 8.8%), Ukraine (5.5 and 7.0%), China (6.4 and 5.2%), Italy (7.0 and 4.8%), USA (3.7 and 6.4%), France (2.5 and 4.1%), Finland (2.7 and 3.3%) and Kazakhstan (2.3 and 4.2%), as well as the Netherlands (6.8% of exports), the UK and Poland (3.5% of exports each). In 2002, all CIS countries accounted for only about 17% of Russia’s foreign trade turnover (as early as 1995 this figure was 25%), while the countries of the European Union account for up to 1/3, and after the expansion of the EU to the east, St. 50% of the total foreign trade turnover. The commodity structure of exports and imports varies somewhat depending on the direction of trade, but generally remains stable. OK. 50% of total exports are products of the oil and gas industry, 10% falls on ferrous and non-ferrous metals, approx. 7% are products of the chemical industry (mainly raw materials and fertilizers) and precious metals, approx. 4% – products of the woodworking and pulp and paper industries. In the structure of imports, more than 1/3 is occupied by machinery and equipment, food products are in 2nd place (22-25%), 15-18% are products of the petrochemical industry.

Russia Trade