History of Yakutat Borough, Alaska
Yakutat Borough, located in southeastern Alaska, is one of the state’s most remote and historically rich regions. Officially formed in 1992, the borough encompasses a vast area that includes the town of Yakutat and miles of rugged coastline, dense forests, and towering glaciers. The region has a deep connection to its Indigenous Tlingit heritage, with Yakutat serving as a key trading hub for thousands of years before European contact. Over time, the borough became a center for fishing, logging, and tourism. Today, Yakutat is known for its pristine natural beauty and cultural significance, attracting visitors and residents alike.
Yakutat Borough Facts
- Founded: September 22, 1992
- Population: Approximately 660 (as of 2020)
- Area: 9,463 square miles
- Area Code: 907
- ZIP Code: 99689
- Borough Seat: Yakutat
- Major Cities: Yakutat (the only city in the borough)
- Famous Landmarks:
- Hubbard Glacier
- Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve
- Malaspina Glacier
- Situk River
- Yakutat Tlingit Tribe Cultural Center
Early History of Yakutat Borough (Pre-1800s)
Tlingit People and Early Inhabitants
The area that is now Yakutat Borough has been inhabited by the Tlingit people for thousands of years. The Tlingit, who are renowned for their rich cultural traditions and deep knowledge of the land and sea, were one of the dominant Indigenous groups in southeastern Alaska. They established permanent villages along the coast and were known for their ability to navigate the waters of the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Alaska. The Tlingit in the Yakutat area, specifically the Yakutat Tlingit, used the abundant resources of the region, including fish, game, and plants, to sustain their communities.
Yakutat was a key hub for trade between the Tlingit and other Indigenous groups from the interior and the Pacific Coast. The Tlingit traded goods such as fish, furs, and carved items in exchange for copper, shells, and other materials. The name “Yakutat” comes from the Tlingit word “Yaakwdáat,” meaning “the place where canoes rest.”
European Exploration and Russian Influence (1700s-1800s)
Russian Exploration and the Fur Trade (1741-1867)
European interest in Alaska began in the mid-18th century with the voyages of Russian explorers, particularly those seeking to capitalize on the lucrative fur trade. In 1741, Vitus Bering’s expedition to Alaska marked the beginning of Russian exploration in the region. Russian traders and explorers soon established outposts along the Alaskan coast to hunt sea otters for their valuable pelts, which were highly sought after in Chinese and European markets.
The Yakutat area became part of the Russian-American Company’s fur trading network. Russian traders interacted with the Tlingit people, often engaging in trade but also causing conflict as the Russians sought to dominate the fur industry. The Tlingit, known for their strength and resilience, resisted Russian encroachment and maintained their control over much of their land and resources.
Yakutat’s Strategic Importance
Yakutat’s location along the Gulf of Alaska made it an important site for both trade and exploration. Russian explorers recognized Yakutat’s strategic value as a stopping point along sea routes between Alaska and Russia. However, unlike other parts of Alaska, such as Sitka, the Russians never fully established a permanent settlement in Yakutat, though their influence on trade and regional politics remained significant.
U.S. Acquisition and Early American Period (1867-1900)
The Alaska Purchase (1867)
In 1867, the United States purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million, a deal known as the Alaska Purchase. Yakutat, along with the rest of southeastern Alaska, became part of the new U.S. territory. Following the purchase, American traders, fishermen, and entrepreneurs began to explore Alaska’s resources, including Yakutat’s vast fisheries and timber.
Yakutat’s location on the Gulf of Alaska made it an ideal location for fishing and trade, and the town became an important stop for American ships traveling along Alaska’s coastline. The U.S. military also recognized Yakutat’s strategic position, and the area began to play a role in defense and communication networks along the Pacific.
Fishing Industry Development
In the late 19th century, the fishing industry began to develop in Yakutat, with American settlers establishing small fishing camps and processing operations. The area’s rivers, including the Situk River, were rich with salmon, making fishing a lucrative enterprise for both local Tlingit and American entrepreneurs. Over time, Yakutat would grow into a significant center for commercial fishing, a role it still plays today.
20th Century Growth and the World Wars (1900-1960s)
Commercial Fishing Expansion
By the early 20th century, Yakutat had established itself as a center for commercial fishing, particularly for salmon. The town’s proximity to productive fishing grounds along the Gulf of Alaska and its access to rich rivers like the Situk made it a prime location for the fishing industry. Fish canneries were built, and Yakutat became a key point for the export of seafood to the lower 48 states and beyond.
Commercial fishing became the primary economic driver in Yakutat, and the industry provided jobs for both local residents and seasonal workers who came to take part in the summer fishing season. Over time, the fishing industry in Yakutat would grow to include other species, such as halibut and crab.
World War II and Yakutat’s Military Role
World War II brought significant changes to Yakutat and the surrounding region. Due to its strategic location along the Gulf of Alaska, Yakutat became a key military outpost during the war. The U.S. military constructed an airfield at Yakutat in 1940, which played an important role in protecting Alaska and the Pacific Northwest from potential Japanese attacks.
Yakutat Army Airfield, which is now Yakutat Airport, was used by the U.S. Army Air Forces as a base for reconnaissance missions and as a refueling stop for aircraft traveling between the mainland U.S. and the Aleutian Islands. The military presence brought infrastructure improvements to Yakutat, including roads, communication systems, and housing. After the war, the airfield was turned over to civilian use, and it remains a vital part of Yakutat’s transportation network.
Post-War Development and Borough Formation (1960s-1990s)
Growth of the Fishing and Timber Industries
After World War II, Yakutat continued to grow as a center for fishing and timber. The town’s location along Alaska’s rugged coastline made it ideal for both industries, and demand for Alaska’s natural resources surged in the post-war period. Timber companies began logging in the dense forests surrounding Yakutat, providing additional jobs and contributing to the local economy.
Commercial fishing remained Yakutat’s most important industry, with the area’s rivers and coastal waters producing some of Alaska’s finest seafood. The Situk River, in particular, became famous for its large salmon runs, drawing both commercial and sport fishermen from around the world.
Establishment of Yakutat Borough (1992)
Yakutat’s growth and development in the post-war years led to the eventual formation of Yakutat Borough in 1992. As part of Alaska’s effort to establish local governments with greater control over land use, education, and public services, the borough system allowed Yakutat to manage its resources and infrastructure more effectively.
Yakutat Borough is one of the least populated boroughs in Alaska, with only a few hundred residents, but its vast area includes significant wilderness and natural resources. The formation of the borough also allowed Yakutat to have more control over its economic development, particularly in managing the balance between commercial industries and environmental conservation.
Modern Yakutat and Economic Diversification (1990s-Present)
Tourism and Outdoor Recreation
In recent decades, Yakutat has diversified its economy by developing its tourism and outdoor recreation sectors. The town’s stunning natural surroundings, including glaciers, mountains, and rivers, have made it a popular destination for travelers seeking adventure in Alaska’s wilderness. Yakutat is a prime location for activities such as fishing, kayaking, hiking, and wildlife viewing.
One of Yakutat’s most famous natural attractions is Hubbard Glacier, a massive tidewater glacier that draws tourists from around the world. The glacier is accessible by boat, and its sheer size and beauty make it one of Alaska’s most iconic natural landmarks. The nearby Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, which borders Yakutat, is also a significant draw for visitors looking to explore Alaska’s vast wilderness.
Cultural Preservation and the Yakutat Tlingit Tribe
The Yakutat Tlingit have played a central role in the cultural preservation of the region. The Yakutat Tlingit Tribe has worked to maintain and celebrate Tlingit traditions, including language, art, and ceremonies. The tribe operates the Yakutat Tlingit Tribe Cultural Center, which serves as a hub for cultural activities and educational programs. The center offers visitors the opportunity to learn about Tlingit history and culture, with exhibits on traditional crafts, fishing, and the Tlingit way of life.
The tribe has also been active in environmental conservation efforts, working to protect the natural resources that have sustained their people for generations. These efforts include managing fishing practices to ensure sustainable salmon runs and protecting critical habitats for wildlife.
Sustainable Fishing and Environmental Conservation
Fishing continues to be a vital part of Yakutat’s economy, but there has been a growing emphasis on sustainable practices to protect the region’s fisheries for future generations. The Yakutat community, along with state and federal agencies, has implemented measures to manage fishing quotas and preserve the health of local fish populations.
In addition to fishing, Yakutat’s location near Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve has helped establish the region as a key site for environmental conservation. The park, which is the largest national park in the United States, covers vast areas of wilderness and is home to diverse wildlife, including bears, moose, eagles, and wolves.
Cultural and Historical Landmarks in Yakutat Borough
Hubbard Glacier
Hubbard Glacier is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Yakutat Borough. This massive tidewater glacier is known for its dramatic calving events, where chunks of ice break off into the sea. Visitors can take boat tours to view the glacier up close and experience its awe-inspiring size and beauty.
Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve
Part of Yakutat Borough is encompassed by Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, the largest national park in the U.S. The park offers opportunities for hiking, wildlife viewing, and exploring glaciers and mountains. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognized for its natural and cultural significance.
Situk River
The Situk River is renowned for its world-class fishing, particularly for salmon and steelhead. The river attracts both commercial and sport fishermen, and its pristine waters are a key part of Yakutat’s fishing industry. The river is also culturally significant to the Yakutat Tlingit, who have fished its waters for thousands of years.
Yakutat Tlingit Tribe Cultural Center
The Yakutat Tlingit Tribe Cultural Center is dedicated to preserving and promoting Tlingit culture. The center offers exhibits, workshops, and cultural events that showcase the history and traditions of the Yakutat Tlingit people, including traditional art, carving, and storytelling.
Present-Day Yakutat Borough
Population and Demographics
As of the 2020 census, Yakutat Borough has a population of approximately 660 people. The population is primarily concentrated in the town of Yakutat, with a mix of Tlingit and non-Native residents. Yakutat’s small population is reflective of its remote location and the challenges of living in such an isolated region.
Economy and Infrastructure
Yakutat’s economy is driven by fishing, tourism, and small-scale timber. The borough’s infrastructure includes an airport, roads, and public services that support both residents and visitors. While Yakutat’s economy is still heavily reliant on fishing, efforts to diversify the economy through tourism and cultural initiatives have helped support the community’s long-term growth.
