History of Winston County, Alabama
Winston County, located in the northwestern part of Alabama, has a unique and independent history that distinguishes it from other parts of the state. The county is best known for its pro-Union stance during the Civil War, which led to its nickname, the “Free State of Winston.” Established in 1850 as Hancock County and renamed in 1858, Winston County became famous for its refusal to secede from the Union during the Civil War, a position that caused significant tension with the rest of Alabama. Today, Winston County is known for its natural beauty, including Bankhead National Forest and Lewis Smith Lake.
County Facts
- Founded: February 12, 1850 (as Hancock County; renamed Winston County in 1858)
- Population: Approximately 23,540 (as of the 2020 Census)
- Area: 631 square miles
- Area Code: 205
- ZIP Codes: 35541, 35553, 35565, 35575, 35579, 35581, 35587
- County Seat: Double Springs
- Major Cities: Double Springs, Haleyville, Lynn, Arley
- Famous Landmarks:
- Bankhead National Forest
- Lewis Smith Lake
- The “Free State of Winston” historical marker
- Natural Bridge Park
Early History of Winston County (Pre-1850)
Native American Influence
Before European settlement, the land that would become Winston County was inhabited by Native American tribes, primarily the Creek and Cherokee. The region was rich in natural resources, with its forests and rivers providing abundant hunting and fishing opportunities. The area’s rough terrain and isolation limited extensive European settlement until the early 19th century, when treaties and the forced removal of Native American tribes, particularly through the Indian Removal Act of 1830, opened up the land for white settlers.
Early European Settlement
In the decades before the county’s formation, settlers from Tennessee and Georgia began moving into the area. The rugged hills and dense forests made farming difficult, and as a result, the population grew slowly. These early settlers were mostly small farmers who were largely self-sufficient and somewhat isolated from the rest of Alabama.
Formation of Winston County (1850-1860)
Establishment as Hancock County (1850)
Winston County was originally established as Hancock County on February 12, 1850, named after John Hancock, a prominent figure in the American Revolution. The county was carved out of portions of Walker, Blount, and Marion Counties. Its remote location and rough terrain made it difficult to access, and the area was sparsely populated.
Name Change to Winston County (1858)
In 1858, the county’s name was changed to Winston in honor of John A. Winston, the 15th governor of Alabama. The county remained largely rural and agrarian, with little large-scale farming or industry due to the hilly and rocky landscape. The people of Winston County were known for their independence and self-reliance, characteristics that would come to the forefront during the Civil War.
The Civil War and the “Free State of Winston” (1861-1865)
Pro-Union Sentiment and Secession
When Alabama seceded from the Union in 1861, Winston County became famous for its refusal to support secession. At a meeting in the county seat of Looney’s Tavern, local leaders, including Christopher Sheats, gathered to express their opposition to secession. Winston County’s residents, most of whom were small farmers with few or no slaves, saw little benefit in joining the Confederacy, which they believed represented the interests of wealthy plantation owners.
The “Free State of Winston”
As a result of this opposition, Winston County declared itself neutral in the Civil War, adopting the nickname “The Free State of Winston.” While this was not an official secession from Alabama, it symbolized the county’s unique stance. Many men from Winston County refused to fight for the Confederacy and some even joined the Union Army. This stance led to significant tension with neighboring counties, and Winston County became a target for Confederate sympathizers.
Civil War Impact
The Civil War caused divisions within Winston County itself, with some families supporting the Union and others siding with the Confederacy. The county saw acts of violence and retaliation from both sides, and many families suffered as a result of the war. Despite this, the “Free State of Winston” remained a symbol of the county’s independence and commitment to its beliefs.
Reconstruction and Post-War Period (1865-1900)
Economic Struggles After the War
Like much of the South, Winston County faced significant challenges during Reconstruction. The war had devastated the local economy, and many families were left in poverty. With little industry or large-scale agriculture, the county struggled to rebuild. However, the same isolation that had kept the county independent also shielded it somewhat from the more extreme violence and political upheaval seen in other parts of Alabama during Reconstruction.
Development of Railroads
In the late 19th century, the construction of railroads helped bring economic development to Winston County. Rail lines connected the county to larger markets, and small-scale mining and logging industries began to develop. However, these industries remained limited compared to the large-scale industrialization happening elsewhere in Alabama.
Industrial Growth and the 20th Century (1900-1950)
Early 20th Century Growth
By the early 20th century, Winston County remained primarily agricultural, with small farms dominating the landscape. However, the growing timber industry, driven by the vast forests of the region, began to play a more prominent role in the county’s economy. The Great Depression hit the region hard, as it did much of rural Alabama, but New Deal programs helped provide jobs and improve infrastructure, including roads and schools.
Creation of Bankhead National Forest (1936)
One of the most significant developments in Winston County during this period was the establishment of Bankhead National Forest in 1936. Named after Alabama Senator John H. Bankhead, the forest covers a large portion of Winston County and has become one of the county’s most important natural and economic resources. The forest provides timber, recreational opportunities, and conservation efforts, playing a key role in the local economy and tourism industry.
World War II Impact
World War II brought changes to Winston County, as many young men went off to fight in the war. The post-war period saw increased migration out of the county as people sought better economic opportunities in cities. However, the timber industry continued to be a significant economic driver, and the post-war boom helped improve infrastructure and living conditions in the county.
Modern Winston County (1950-Present)
Growth of Lewis Smith Lake (1961)
The completion of Lewis Smith Lake in 1961 by the Alabama Power Company created a major reservoir that stretches across portions of Winston, Cullman, and Walker counties. The lake has become a popular destination for fishing, boating, and tourism, helping to diversify Winston County’s economy. Today, Lewis Smith Lake is one of the largest artificial lakes in the United States and attracts visitors from across the region.
Civil Rights Movement
Winston County, like much of Alabama, was affected by the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. However, the county’s relatively small African American population and rural isolation meant that it was not a major battleground for civil rights activism. Nonetheless, the social and political changes brought about by the movement had an impact on the county, as it did across the South.
Economic and Social Challenges
In recent decades, Winston County has faced challenges such as population decline, economic stagnation, and limited job opportunities. The decline of small-scale farming and the timber industry, along with the county’s remote location, has made it difficult to attract new businesses and residents. However, the county’s natural beauty, including Bankhead National Forest and Lewis Smith Lake, continues to draw tourists and outdoor enthusiasts, providing a source of economic activity.
Famous Landmarks and Attractions
Bankhead National Forest
Bankhead National Forest, established in 1936, is one of Alabama’s four national forests and covers a significant portion of Winston County. The forest is known for its scenic beauty, hiking trails, and rich biodiversity. It is a popular destination for outdoor recreation, including camping, fishing, and wildlife observation.
Lewis Smith Lake
Created in 1961, Lewis Smith Lake is one of the largest artificial lakes in the United States. The lake spans multiple counties and is a major attraction for boating, fishing, and water sports. It has become a key part of Winston County’s tourism industry.
The “Free State of Winston” Historical Marker
The “Free State of Winston” historical marker in Double Springs commemorates Winston County’s unique stance during the Civil War. The marker stands as a reminder of the county’s independent spirit and refusal to support the Confederacy, making it a point of pride for many residents.
Natural Bridge Park
Natural Bridge Park, located in Winston County, features the longest natural bridge east of the Rockies. The sandstone formation is over 200 million years old and has become a popular tourist destination for its natural beauty and hiking opportunities.