History of Southeast Fairbanks Borough, Alaska
Southeast Fairbanks Borough, located in the east-central part of Alaska, is known for its rich natural resources, military history, and indigenous heritage. Established in 1987, the borough spans a vast area of wilderness, including parts of the Alaska Range, Tanana River, and extensive forests. Its economy has been shaped by industries such as mining, forestry, military infrastructure, and subsistence activities. The area also has significant historical and cultural ties to the Athabascan people, who have lived in the region for thousands of years. Today, the borough is home to a small but diverse population that enjoys both the modern amenities and the vast, untamed wilderness of Alaska.
County Facts
- Founded: August 18, 1987
- Population: Approximately 6,973 (as of 2020 Census)
- Area: 25,061 square miles
- Area Code: 907
- ZIP Codes: 99733, 99737, 99740, 99780
- County Seat: Unincorporated; administrative functions are spread out between Delta Junction and Tok
- Major Cities: Delta Junction, Tok
- Famous Landmarks:
- Alaska Highway (constructed during World War II)
- Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge
- Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve
- Black Rapids Glacier
- Fort Greely
Early History of Southeast Fairbanks Borough (Pre-1800s)
Indigenous Peoples: The Athabascan Tribes
The earliest inhabitants of what is now Southeast Fairbanks Borough were the Athabascan peoples, who have lived in the region for thousands of years. The Athabascan tribes were semi-nomadic, relying on hunting, fishing, and gathering for their survival. They followed the seasonal migrations of caribou, moose, and other wildlife while fishing the region’s many rivers and lakes. The area’s harsh climate and vast wilderness helped shape their culture and lifestyle, fostering a deep connection with the land.
The Tanana River, which flows through the borough, was a vital resource for transportation, trade, and subsistence. The Athabascans developed a complex network of trade routes that connected them to other indigenous groups throughout Alaska and into Canada, exchanging goods like animal furs, tools, and crafts.
Russian and American Exploration (1700s-1867)
Russian Influence (1700s)
Although Russia colonized parts of Alaska during the 18th century, their influence in the Southeast Fairbanks region was minimal. Russian fur traders primarily focused on coastal areas and did not establish settlements in the borough. However, Russian fur trading routes indirectly impacted the region by bringing new goods and technologies to the Athabascan people through trade networks.
American Exploration (Mid-1800s)
In the mid-19th century, American explorers began venturing into Alaska’s interior, charting the territory’s vast wilderness. Explorers such as John Muir and the Hudson’s Bay Company traders documented the natural resources of the region, including its dense forests, abundant wildlife, and mineral wealth. However, large-scale development in the area did not begin until after the Alaska Purchase.
The Alaska Purchase and Early Development (1867-1940)
Alaska Purchase (1867)
In 1867, the United States purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million, marking the start of a new era for the region. The purchase of Alaska opened the territory to American settlers and traders, but the Southeast Fairbanks region remained largely untouched by development for several decades. The Athabascan people continued their traditional way of life, relying on subsistence activities such as hunting, trapping, and fishing to survive in the remote wilderness.
Discovery of Gold and Mining Activity (1890s)
In the 1890s, gold was discovered in several parts of Alaska, sparking the famous Klondike Gold Rush. Though the Southeast Fairbanks Borough was not a primary gold rush destination, the discovery of mineral wealth in nearby regions led to increased interest in the area. By the early 20th century, prospectors and miners began exploring the borough’s river valleys and mountains for precious metals, particularly along the Tanana River and near Delta Junction.
Mining activity continued throughout the early 20th century, with small-scale operations extracting gold, silver, and other minerals. The region’s vast natural resources, including timber and wildlife, also attracted settlers who sought to make a living in the Alaskan frontier.
World War II and the Alaska Highway (1940-1950)
Construction of the Alaska Highway (1942)
World War II brought significant changes to the Southeast Fairbanks Borough, particularly with the construction of the Alaska Highway. Built in 1942 as a vital military supply route between Alaska and the contiguous United States, the Alaska Highway stretched from Dawson Creek, British Columbia, to Delta Junction, Alaska. The highway was a massive engineering project, cutting through some of the most remote and rugged terrain in North America.
The Alaska Highway not only played a crucial role in the defense of Alaska during World War II but also transformed the economy and infrastructure of the Southeast Fairbanks region. It opened the area to development and settlement, making it more accessible to outsiders and creating new opportunities for trade and transportation. The town of Tok, located along the highway, became a major supply and transportation hub.
Establishment of Fort Greely (1942)
During World War II, the U.S. military also established Fort Greely near Delta Junction. Originally built as an infantry training center, the base later became a key component of Cold War defense strategies, particularly in missile defense and cold-weather military training. Fort Greely brought an influx of military personnel and infrastructure development to the region, which helped stimulate the local economy.
Post-War Development and Statehood (1950-1980)
Economic Expansion After World War II
Following World War II, the Southeast Fairbanks Borough experienced economic growth driven by increased military presence, resource development, and infrastructure improvements. The Alaska Highway remained a vital transportation route, connecting the region to the rest of Alaska and the contiguous United States. Mining activity continued, although it was overshadowed by the larger gold strikes in other parts of the state.
The region’s economy diversified as settlers engaged in agriculture, forestry, and tourism. The area around Delta Junction, in particular, became known for its fertile soil, and small-scale farming developed alongside traditional subsistence activities.
Alaska Statehood (1959)
Alaska became the 49th state of the United States in 1959, bringing new opportunities for political and economic development. The establishment of state governance allowed for greater investment in infrastructure, education, and public services. The state government also began managing natural resources more effectively, ensuring that the region’s mineral wealth and other assets were utilized for the benefit of its residents.
Establishment of the Southeast Fairbanks Borough (1987-Present)
Formation of the Borough (1987)
The Southeast Fairbanks Borough was officially incorporated on August 18, 1987. The creation of the borough allowed for more localized governance, giving residents control over land use, taxation, and public services. Unlike other boroughs in Alaska, Southeast Fairbanks does not have an incorporated borough seat, with administrative functions shared between Delta Junction and Tok.
The borough’s formation was driven by the need to manage the growing population and infrastructure, particularly as the region became more accessible due to improved road systems and the ongoing military presence at Fort Greely.
Modern Economic Development
Today, the economy of Southeast Fairbanks Borough is based on a mix of military, tourism, resource extraction, and subsistence activities. Fort Greely remains a critical military installation, particularly in missile defense, while the Alaska Highway continues to bring tourists and travelers through the region. Mining, forestry, and agriculture also contribute to the local economy, with gold mining continuing in the region’s remote areas.
The borough’s natural beauty, including Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve and the Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge, attracts visitors seeking outdoor recreation, wildlife viewing, and adventure tourism. These protected areas highlight the region’s stunning landscapes and serve as key attractions for tourists.
Famous Landmarks and Attractions
Alaska Highway
The Alaska Highway, constructed during World War II, is one of the most iconic roadways in North America. It stretches through Southeast Fairbanks Borough and serves as a vital transportation route, connecting the region to the rest of Alaska and Canada.
Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge
The Tetlin National Wildlife Refuge, located near Tok, is a haven for migratory birds and other wildlife. The refuge encompasses wetlands, forests, and tundra, offering opportunities for wildlife viewing, hiking, and fishing.
Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve
Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve is the largest national park in the United States, spanning over 13 million acres. It features rugged mountains, glaciers, and diverse ecosystems, making it a popular destination for hikers, mountaineers, and adventure travelers.
Fort Greely
Fort Greely, near Delta Junction, is a key military installation that serves as a missile defense base. The fort is an important part of Alaska’s defense infrastructure and plays a significant role in the local economy.
Black Rapids Glacier
Black Rapids Glacier is a dramatic and rapidly advancing glacier located in the Alaska Range. It has fascinated geologists for decades and is a popular destination for adventurous hikers and mountaineers.
