The Germanic region occupies a large part of central Europe, i.e. the area that separates the regions of Atlantic-Mediterranean Europe (very rough hills and extremely articulated coasts) from the immense Russian plain (rather soft undulations and poor relations with the sea). Its southernmost part extends as far as the northern section of the Alpine chain proper,… Read More »
The first half of the twentieth century In the meantime, under the influence of the French Symbolists and the English Pre-Raphaelites, the great cycle of aestheticism had begun, which found in Germany one of its culminations in S. George, a refined poet and promoter of a circle that exercised an ethical-aesthetic teaching on German culture, creating… Read More »
The age of Goethe and German Romanticism In the meantime, JW Goethe had already strongly asserted himself who, for having collected, strengthened and often also aroused the ideal ferments of his time, defines an entire era, the most prosperous that German culture and literature have ever had. These ferments, collected under the common label of Sturm und Drang, expressed… Read More »
From Humanism to the Baroque Age In Germany Humanism essentially remained a scholarly phenomenon: however, the personalities of the Franconian C. Celtis and the Rhenish J. Reuchlin, as well as the great Erasmus of Rotterdam, should be remembered. Too more vital and urgent were the contemporary religious instances, promoted by M. Luther, a genius of the German spirit as he was… Read More »
The beginnings – The first evidence of an independent German literature with respect to the Latin and Romanesque world dates back to the Carolingian era and belong to the field of lexicography: the Abrogans, a collection of synonyms translated into Bavarian dialect in 765-70 and then into Alemannic dialect towards the end of the century, and the Vocabolarius… Read More »
From the origins to the 18th century From the earliest times, Germanic poetry benefited from singing, especially choral singing, alone or supported by instruments such as harp. In the early Middle Ages the spread of Christianity produced original blooms of choral singing, while from the 12th to the 14th century. a large troubadour movement developed,… Read More »
Population and society Made up of nearly 81 million people, the German population is the largest in the European Union. In recent years, however, there has been a slight decrease: the demographic increase rate was 0.3%, the fertility rate was 1.4 children per woman, while the migration rate – much decreased compared to the 1990s.… Read More »
In a political and cultural framework radically transformed by the reunification of two long-separated communities, a growing consideration for the ‘German pain’ has imposed itself on the united consciousness, and therefore greater attention to the biographical events of family members involved as victims or executioners in tragic events of National Socialism. A second line of… Read More »
Central European state. Sixty years after the disastrous outcome of the Second World War, which in fact reduced it (and relegated it for a long period of time) to a state of not fully sovereign state, Germany has returned to being an actor of the very first magnitude in the political and, above all, European… Read More »
On the threshold of the third millennium, Germany represents one of the key elements of the new European and world geopolitical construction, but, at the same time, also one of the elements of greatest uncertainty. The assertion, paradoxical in itself, is grounded in recent events in the German territory and economy. The first has not… Read More »
Only at the end of the century. 6 ° in Germany there was an autonomous activity of coinage, in the cities of Cologne, Mainz and Trier; the production of Roman mints is instead attested starting from the middle of the 3rd century. In minting centers such as Trier, Speyer, Worms, Mainz, Andernach, Bonn and Cologne,… Read More »
At the end of 1960 the BRD’s gold and currency reserves amounted to 33 billion DM while the considerable availability of liquidity created the conditions for a large granting of credit. To better define the financial framework, it should be added that, with effect from 6 March 1961, the federal government decided to revalue the… Read More »
After the Germany had been divided into four occupation zones (American, British, French and Soviet) at the end of the Second World War, in September 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was established in the territory corresponding to the first three (Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; acronym BRD), also commonly known as Germany Ovest or Germany di Bonn,… Read More »
In the immediate post-war period Germany found itself, even in the music sector, having to overcome the cultural isolation that had characterized its most recent history for over a decade. It was necessary to give space to the few who remained at home and almost completely inactive during the Nazi period, to recall the many… Read More »
Federal Republic of Germany. – Agriculture. In western Germany the attempt to make agriculture more rational by increasing the average size of farms continued, bringing the total from one million in the 1970s to 700,000 at the end of the following decade; in the meantime, however, the number of farmers also decreased, which today barely exceeds 1.2 million… Read More »
Agriculture. – In recent years the cultivated area has had a slight increase, from 7,880,000 ha in 1962 to 8,080,000 in 1973; of these, about 7.5 make up the arable land and over half a million are used for tree crops. The expansion took place at the expense of meadows and pastures (about 5.4 million… Read More »
In the 20th century. the artistic production is partly attracted by the international avant-garde currents while the awareness of national traditions is also affirmed. V. Eggeling, OG Carlsund, G. Adrian-Nilson (called GAN), elaborated experimental languages and a geometric purism that was followed only after 1945. In 1929 A. and E. Olson, Sweden Mörner and other painters… Read More »
Although inferior to the wealth of other times (15th-16th centuries) and perhaps to the possibilities offered by the territory (just under 1/3 of this is made up of grazing areas), the Spanish livestock heritage appears to be quite well supplied, and does not unequal to the needs of agricultural life. In 1933 it included 802,800… Read More »
According to top-mba-universities, the cinema in Portugal has characterized itself, since the seventies, on the eve of the Carnation Revolution, when the Centro português de cinema (CPC, an autonomous cooperative made up of eighteen directors) was formed, as an auteur cinema, path from experimentalisms and cultural references, with a refined structure, rigorous language, rarefied, literary,… Read More »
Population At the beginning of the 18th century. the Norway had 700,000 residents. These increased significantly in the following century, rising to over 2 million in 1900 and then doubling in the time leading up to the end of the 20th century. The excessive increase in local resources, together with the serious agricultural crises that… Read More »
According to top-mba-universities, the Magyars found in the Pannonian territory an artistic culture brought there by Huns, Avars, Scythians, Lombards, and introduced elements of Persian-Sassanid origin, as shown by various goldsmiths found in the tombs. With Stephen I the Saint began the western direction of the art of the Hungary 3rd-4th century there were examples… Read More »
According to searchforpublicschools, the empress took advantage of the few years of peace that she could enjoy between the war for the Austrian succession (1740-1748) and the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763), for internal reforms that aimed above all at improving the military conditions of the Empire. He also worked to emancipate the monarch from the… Read More »
Finland State of Northern Europe ; the borders have a length that reaches 4400 km, of which about one third are coasts (in the S Gulf of Finland; in the W Gulf of Bothnia, both dependencies of the Baltic Sea), while two thirds are made up of land borders (with the Sweden, the Norway and… Read More »
Before outlining a profile of Spanish art of the 1980s and early 1990s, it is necessary to briefly reconsider the experiences gained in the previous decade that questioned the art of the 1960s, characterized by a provocative, radical and irreverent spirit. The art of the seventies is less prone to ruptures and experimentalisms: the return… Read More »
After the First World War, the Polish contribution to contemporary art was notable. The «Formismo» group (Krakow, 1917-22), partly influenced by Futurism and Cubism, reacted to the Viennese ‘Secession’; followed by the groups Rytm (1921) and Blok (1924, M. Szczuka, W. Strzemiński, H. Stażewski, H. Berlewi, K. Kobro), continued by the Prezens group and that of the young people… Read More »
For the information that D. could have on the political situation of the Sweden (nation as such never remembered by the poet) and in general on the Swedish environment, see SCANDINAVIA. Fortuna of Dante in Sweden. – If the name of D. had already been known in Sweden for a long time, the first evidence… Read More »
Hungary joined NATO in March 1999, thanks to the positive outcome of a very popular referendum. The enlargement, which took place with Poland and the Czech Republic, is the result of a cooperation process started in the first half of the 1990s and culminated with the Hungarian participation in the missions of the Atlantic Alliance… Read More »
A series of favorable occasions allowed the advent of a new wave of directors. In 1961 António da Cunha Telles organized the first cinema course in Lisbon. The intention was to train a new generation of technicians, astutely taking advantage of the contradictory political openness shown by the FCN. But the most important event was… Read More »
Population, society and rights The Lithuanian population has decreased by over 700,000 since 1990. Between 2005 and 2010, Lithuania recorded the highest emigration rate in Europe (2.3%). It is no coincidence that remittances from abroad now represent about 5% of the entire Lithuanian GDP. Lithuania is the most ethnically homogeneous country among the three Baltic… Read More »
Population and society With 370 residents per square kilometer, Belgium is the second largest country in Europe by population density, surpassed only by the Netherlands. Flanders and Wallonia are regions with a similar geographical extension, however the majority of the population is concentrated in the former: just over 6.4 million people live there, while Wallonia… Read More »